Курс Mina Protocol

OKcoin Europe LTD

54930069NLWEIGLHXU42

Mina

Mina is present on the following networks: ethereum, mina. The Ethereum network uses a Proof-of-Stake Consensus Mechanism to validate new transactions on the blockchain. Core Components 1. Validators: Validators are responsible for proposing and validating new blocks. To become a validator, a user must deposit (stake) 32 ETH into a smart contract. This stake acts as collateral and can be slashed if the validator behaves dishonestly. 2. Beacon Chain: The Beacon Chain is the backbone of Ethereum 2.0. It coordinates the network of validators and manages the consensus protocol. It is responsible for creating new blocks, organizing validators into committees, and implementing the finality of blocks. Consensus Process 1. Block Proposal: Validators are chosen randomly to propose new blocks. This selection is based on a weighted random function (WRF), where the weight is determined by the amount of ETH staked. 2. Attestation: Validators not proposing a block participate in attestation. They attest to the validity of the proposed block by voting for it. Attestations are then aggregated to form a single proof of the block’s validity. 3. Committees: Validators are organized into committees to streamline the validation process. Each committee is responsible for validating blocks within a specific shard or the Beacon Chain itself. This ensures decentralization and security, as a smaller group of validators can quickly reach consensus. 4. Finality: Ethereum 2.0 uses a mechanism called Casper FFG (Friendly Finality Gadget) to achieve finality. Finality means that a block and its transactions are considered irreversible and confirmed. Validators vote on the finality of blocks, and once a supermajority is reached, the block is finalized. 5. Incentives and Penalties: Validators earn rewards for participating in the network, including proposing blocks and attesting to their validity. Conversely, validators can be penalized (slashed) for malicious behavior, such as double-signing or being offline for extended periods. This ensures honest participation and network security. Mina operates on a unique Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus protocol called Ouroboros Samasika, which is adapted to work with Mina’s succinct blockchain structure. This innovative approach enables Mina to maintain a lightweight and efficient blockchain while ensuring security and decentralization. Core Components of Mina’s Consensus: 1. Ouroboros Samasika PoS Protocol: Adaptation of Cardano’s Ouroboros: Mina’s PoS mechanism, Ouroboros Samasika, is a modified version of Cardano's Ouroboros PoS. It has been specifically optimized for Mina's succinct blockchain model, which requires minimal data storage for validating the entire chain. 2. Succinct Blockchain (Constant Size): 22 KB Fixed Size: Unlike traditional blockchains, Mina maintains a minimal, fixed-size blockchain of around 22 KB. It achieves this through the use of recursive zero-knowledge proofs (zk-SNARKs), which compress the entire blockchain into a single, verifiable proof that any node can validate. Efficient Verification: This succinct structure allows Mina to operate efficiently without requiring nodes to store vast amounts of historical data. Instead, each node validates the chain by verifying a concise zk-SNARK proof, maintaining security and scalability. 3. Leader Election with Verifiable Random Function (VRF): Randomized Validator Selection: Mina’s leader election process is conducted through a Verifiable Random Function (VRF), which randomly selects validators to produce blocks based on their stake. This randomization enhances security, prevents manipulation, and ensures a decentralized network. 4. Fork Resolution: Longest-Chain Rule: Mina employs a longest-chain rule with Ouroboros Samasika. The chain with the most accumulated proof-of-stake work is considered the valid chain. However, due to zk-SNARKs, Mina reduces the chain data required to verify the blockchain, making fork resolution more efficient.

Mina is present on the following networks: ethereum, mina. Ethereum, particularly after transitioning to Ethereum 2.0 (Eth2), employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism to secure its network. The incentives for validators and the fee structures play crucial roles in maintaining the security and efficiency of the blockchain. Incentive Mechanisms 1. Staking Rewards: Validator Rewards: Validators are essential to the PoS mechanism. They are responsible for proposing and validating new blocks. To participate, they must stake a minimum of 32 ETH. In return, they earn rewards for their contributions, which are paid out in ETH. These rewards are a combination of newly minted ETH and transaction fees from the blocks they validate. Reward Rate: The reward rate for validators is dynamic and depends on the total amount of ETH staked in the network. The more ETH staked, the lower the individual reward rate, and vice versa. This is designed to balance the network's security and the incentive to participate. 2. Transaction Fees: Base Fee: After the implementation of Ethereum Improvement Proposal (EIP) 1559, the transaction fee model changed to include a base fee that is burned (i.e., removed from circulation). This base fee adjusts dynamically based on network demand, aiming to stabilize transaction fees and reduce volatility. Priority Fee (Tip): Users can also include a priority fee (tip) to incentivize validators to include their transactions more quickly. This fee goes directly to the validators, providing them with an additional incentive to process transactions efficiently. 3. Penalties for Malicious Behavior: Slashing: Validators face penalties (slashing) if they engage in malicious behavior, such as double-signing or validating incorrect information. Slashing results in the loss of a portion of their staked ETH, discouraging bad actors and ensuring that validators act in the network's best interest. Inactivity Penalties: Validators also face penalties for prolonged inactivity. This ensures that validators remain active and engaged in maintaining the network's security and operation. Fees Applicable on the Ethereum Blockchain 1. Gas Fees: Calculation: Gas fees are calculated based on the computational complexity of transactions and smart contract executions. Each operation on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) has an associated gas cost. Dynamic Adjustment: The base fee introduced by EIP-1559 dynamically adjusts according to network congestion. When demand for block space is high, the base fee increases, and when demand is low, it decreases. 2. Smart Contract Fees: Deployment and Interaction: Deploying a smart contract on Ethereum involves paying gas fees proportional to the contract's complexity and size. Interacting with deployed smart contracts (e.g., executing functions, transferring tokens) also incurs gas fees. Optimizations: Developers are incentivized to optimize their smart contracts to minimize gas usage, making transactions more cost-effective for users. 3. Asset Transfer Fees: Token Transfers: Transferring ERC-20 or other token standards involves gas fees. These fees vary based on the token's contract implementation and the current network demand. Mina incentivizes participants through block rewards, transaction fees, and a unique role called Snarkers to support network security, stability, and the succinct blockchain model. Incentive Mechanisms: 1. Block Rewards for Validators (Block Producers): Incentivizing Security and Block Production: Validators, known as block producers, earn block rewards for successfully producing blocks. These rewards provide an incentive for users to stake their tokens and contribute to network security and block production. Inflationary Model: Mina has an inflationary token supply, where new tokens are minted as block rewards. This inflation rate is designed to decrease over time to reach a stable token supply, balancing incentives with long-term sustainability. 2. Transaction Fees: Ongoing Rewards: Validators also earn transaction fees from the transactions included in each block, providing a continuous reward mechanism that grows as network usage increases. Dynamic Fees During Congestion: Although Mina’s transaction fees are generally flat, they can increase during times of high network demand. Validators can set higher fees to prioritize transactions, ensuring efficient block production during peak periods. 3. Incentives for Snarkers (Proof Generators): Role of Snarkers: Mina introduces Snarkers (or Snark Workers), a unique role in the network responsible for generating zk-SNARKs to verify the blockchain’s state. These zk-SNARK proofs are essential for maintaining Mina’s succinct structure. Compensation by Block Producers: Block producers pay Snarkers for their zk-SNARK proofs, creating a decentralized market for proof generation. This setup incentivizes individuals to produce these essential proofs, decentralizing the proof-generation process and supporting network functionality. Applicable Fees: Flat Transaction Fees with Dynamic Adjustments: Mina’s transaction fees are typically flat, making the network accessible and predictable for users. However, during periods of network congestion, validators may set higher fees to prioritize transactions with higher fees, ensuring that critical transactions can be processed quickly.

2024-03-28

2025-03-28

92768.40000 (kWh/a)

The energy consumption of this asset is aggregated across multiple components: For the calculation of energy consumptions, the so called “bottom-up” approach is being used. The nodes are considered to be the central factor for the energy consumption of the network. These assumptions are made on the basis of empirical findings through the use of public information sites, open-source crawlers and crawlers developed in-house. The main determinants for estimating the hardware used within the network are the requirements for operating the client software. The energy consumption of the hardware devices was measured in certified test laboratories. When calculating the energy consumption, we used - if available - the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) to determine all implementations of the asset of question in scope and we update the mappings regulary, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation. To determine the energy consumption of a token, the energy consumption of the network(s) ethereum is calculated first. Based on the crypto asset's gas consumption per network, the share of the total consumption of the respective network that is assigned to this asset is defined. When calculating the energy consumption, we used - if available - the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) to determine all implementations of the asset of question in scope and we update the mappings regulary, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation.